Differences in Survival of Patients With COPD According to the New GesEPOC 2021 Classification of Phenotypes.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory pathology with high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. The Spanish COPD guideline (GesEPOC) recommends individualizing treatment according to phenotypes. The phenotype classification was updated in 2021. This study aimed to determine the survival of patients by this new classification and compare the predictive capacity of mortality compared to the previous version. Methods: This observational study of COPD patients involved prospective follow-up for 6 years. Demographic and clinical data were collected at the beginning and evolutionary data at the end of the study. Patients were classified according to GesEPOC 2017 and GesEPOC 2021. Univariate survival analysis and multivariate analysis identified mortality risk factors. Results: Of the 273 patients, 243 (89.0%) were male. Ninety-three patients (34.1%) died during follow-up. Regarding phenotypes, 190 patients (69.6%) were non-exacerbators, 69 (25.3%) belonged to the non-eosinophilic exacerbator phenotype and 14 (5.1%) were of the eosinophilic exacerbator phenotype. Compared with non-exacerbator patients, those with the non-eosinophilic exacerbator phenotype had lower survival (p = 0.009). Risk factors independently associated with mortality were older age (p < 0.001), non-eosinophilic exacerbator phenotype (p = 0.017) and a high Charlson index score (p < 0.001). The new classification presented a worse ability to predict mortality than the previous version (area under the curve 0.632 vs 0.566, p = 0.018). Conclusion: Patients with the non-eosinophilic exacerbator phenotype had worse prognoses. This phenotype, advanced age and high comorbidity were mortality risk factors. The GesEPOC 2021 classification predicts mortality worse than the 2017 version. These data must be considered for more individualized management of COPD patients.

Introducción: La enfermedad obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una patología respiratoria con elevada prevalencia y alta morbimortalidad. La guía española de la EPOC (GesEPOC) recomienda individualizar el tratamiento según fenotipos. En su última actualización en 2021, se ha actualizado la clasificación de fenotipos. Se realiza este estudio para conocer la supervivencia de los pacientes sobre esta nueva clasificación y para comparar la capacidad predictiva de mortalidad con respecto a la versión previa. Métodos: Estudio observacional de pacientes con EPOC con un seguimiento prospectivo durante 6 años. Se recogieron datos demográficos y clínicos al inicio y datos evolutivos al final del estudio. Se clasificó a los pacientes según GesEPOC 2017 y GesEPOC 2021. Se realizó un análisis univariante de supervivencia y un análisis multivariante para identificar factores de riesgo de mortalidad. Resultados: Del los 273 pacientes, 243 (89,0%) eran varones. Fallecieron 93 sujetos (34,1%) durante el seguimiento. En cuanto a los fenotipos, 190 pacientes (69,6%) eran no agudizadores, 69 (25,3%) pertenecían al fenotipo agudizador no eosinofílico, y 14 (5,1%) eran del fenotipo agudizador eosinofílico. Comparando con los enfermos no agudizadores, los del fenotipo agudizador no eosinofílico tuvieron una menor supervivencia (p = 0,009). Los factores de riesgo independientemente asociados a la mortalidad fueron la edad avanzada (p < 0,001), el fenotipo agudizador no eosinofílico (p = 0,017) y una puntuación elevada en el índice de Charlson (p < 0,001). La nueva clasificación presentó una peor capacidad para predecir mortalidad en comparación con la versión previa (área bajo curva 0,632 vs 0,566, p = 0,018). Conclusión: Los pacientes del fenotipo agudizador no eosinofílico tenían peor pronóstico. Este fenotipo, junto con la edad avanzada y la elevada comorbilidad, fueron factores de riesgo de mortalidad. La clasificación GesEPOC 2021 predice peor la mortalidad con respecto a la versión de 2017. Es importante tener estos datos en cuenta para ofrecer un manejo más individualizado a los pacientes con EPOC.

Influence of Comorbidities on the Survival of COPD Patients According to Phenotypes.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually occurs alongside other conditions. Few studies on comorbidities have taken into account the phenotypes of COPD patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities included in the Charlson index and their influence on the survival of patients with COPD, taking phenotypes into account. Methods: An observational study was conducted on a group of 273 patients who had COPD and underwent spirometry in the first half of 2011, with a median prospective follow-up period of 68.15 months. The survival of these patients was analyzed according to the presence of various comorbidities. Results: Of the 273 patients, 93 (34.1%) died within the follow-up period. An increased presence of chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD), chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and malignancy was found in deceased patients. All of these conditions shorten the survival of COPD patients globally; however, when considering phenotypes, only CHF influences the exacerbator with chronic bronchitis phenotype, CKD influences the non-exacerbator phenotype, and malignancy influences the positive bronchodilator test (BDT) and exacerbator with chronic bronchitis phenotypes. In the multivariate model, advanced age (hazard ratio, HR: 1.05; p=0.001), CHF (HR: 1.74; p=0.030), and the presence of malignancy (HR: 1.78; p=0.010) were observed as independent mortality risk factors. Conclusion: The survival is shorter in the presence of CIHD in overall COPD patients and also CHF, CKD, and malignancy for certain phenotypes. It is important to pay attention to these comorbidities in the comprehensive care of COPD patients.

Teleintervención: innovando en la consulta de tabaco. A propósito de un caso / Teleintervention: innovating the smoking cessation medical visit: a case report

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Tabaquismo pasivo en la infancia: un problema a erradicar / Passive smoking in childhood: a problem to eliminate

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COPD phenotypes: differences in survival.

Background: The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics and survival of a group of patients with COPD according to their clinical phenotype. Patients and methods: The study population was selected from patients undergoing scheduled spirometry between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2011 at the respiratory function laboratory of a teaching hospital and comprised those with a previous and confirmed diagnosis of COPD and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of <70%. The patients selected were classified into 4 groups: positive bronchodilator response, non-exacerbator, exacerbator with emphysema, and exacerbator with chronic bronchitis. Patients were followed up until April 2017. Results: We recruited 273 patients, of whom 89% were men. The distribution by phenotype was as follows: non-exacerbator, 47.2%; positive bronchodilator response, 25.8%; exacerbator with chronic bronchitis, 13.8%; and exacerbator with emphysema, 13.0%. A total of 90 patients died during follow-up (32.9%). Taking patients with a positive bronchodilator response as the reference category, the risk factors that were independently associated with death were older age (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.09), lower FEV1 (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), and exacerbator with chronic bronchitis phenotype (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.53-7.03). Conclusion: Classification of COPD patients by phenotype makes it possible to identify subgroups with different prognoses. Thus, mortality was greater in exacerbators with chronic bronchitis and lower in those with a positive bronchodilator response.

La oportunidad de la hospitalización / The opportunity of the hospitalization

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